Diet and weight loss to achieve type 2 diabetes remission say Aston University researchers

Achieving ‘remission’ for people with type 2 diabetes through dietary approaches and weight loss should be the primary treatment goal of GPs and healthcare practitioners, concludes a large-scale review of clinical evidence led by researchers at Aston University and UCL.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a serious condition caused when the body resists the insulin produced in the pancreas, and not enough insulin is made.

This leads to high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood and is associated with multiple health problems including increased risk of heart disease, blindness, and amputation.

In the UK T2DM affects around 3.9 million people and 179 million globally. Care and treatment of T2DM costs the NHS around £10 billion a year.

One of the authors, Dr Duane Mellor from Aston University said:

Accounting for all the evidence, our review suggests remission should be discussed as a primary treatment goal with people living with type 2 diabetes.

There are multiple dietary approaches that have been shown to bring about T2DM remission though at present meal replacements offer the best quality evidence.

Low carbohydrate diets have been shown to be highly effective and should also be considered as a dietary approach for remission.

Lead author, Dr Adrian Brown, UCL Division of Medicine said:

Traditionally T2DM has focussed on managing a person’s blood glucose with medication, however the approach doesn’t address the underlying causes of T2DM.

There is now a growing body of research that shows losing significant weight, 10-15kg, either through weight loss surgery or dietary approaches, can bring about type 2 diabetes remission (non-diabetic blood sugar levels).

For the study, published in the Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, specialist dietitians and obesity experts conducted a critical narrative review of over 90 research papers covering international clinical trials and clinical practice data of dietary methods used to treat T2DM.

The study found that meal-replacement diets helped around one in three (36%) people successfully achieve remission, while low carbohydrate diets were able to help around one in five (17.6 %) people achieve and maintain remission for at least two years.

People who lost the most weight and kept the weight off using both of these dietary approaches were able to stay in remission.

Calorie-restricted and Mediterranean diets were also able to help people achieve remission – but at much lower rates.

Only around 5% of people on calorie-restricted diets stayed in remission after one year, while only 15% of people on a Mediterranean diet stayed in remission after a year.

In reaching their findings, the research team had to account for the fact there is no single definition of remission; it is typically defined as a return to non-diabetic blood sugar levels without the use of diabetes drugs.

Other definitions however say weight (especially fat around the midsection) must be lost to achieve remission and others that medications can continue to be used.

The research concludes that while weight loss appears to be the best predictor of remission success, it assumes fat loss from the pancreas and liver.

The researchers note that it will be important for future studies to compare how these diets work for different ethnic groups, as T2DM can happen at lower body weights in different ethnic groups, who may have less weight to lose.

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